Yet another scientific breakthrough!!! We have created a substance that can be a base or an acid. To make the substance basic, add a very small amount of it to the product. To make it acidic, add a little bit of an acid. The product takes properties from another substance and copies it!

Acids, if you’re wondering, is a sour tasting solution. Acids usually irritate skin and can cause burns. Bases on the other hand, are bitter and slippery, bases are used in cleaning substances, like soap and detergent.

On the Ph scale, 7 is neutral, there is not acidic or basic properties. Anything less than 7 is in the acidic range. There are some examples in the picture. Anything greater than 7 has basic properties. There are also example above.

You can cancel the effects of acids or bases by adding the opposite or the base or acid of the same strength. If there is an acid with a pH of 0, then if it mixes with a base of 14, the effects will be neutralized. The product of this reaction is the creation of water.

As you know, kevlar is a very useful when it comes to bulletproof material. Millitaries and police use this material all the time to protect people from gun fire. Do you know what kevlar is made out of though? Well, Kevlar is a type of polymer, a chain of carbon atoms strung together. These polymers have enormous strength and are used in everyday life.

All plastics and tupperware are some examples of polymers. Teflon is also another polymer. All of these polymers are inorganic, because they were not created naturally.

An example of an organic carbon compound would be sugar, because it is naturally created by plants.

Off to a different subject now. The four building blocks of life.

First, there is DNA. DNA is the blueprint for how a living thing will grow and evolve.

The second is, Carbohydrates. These give living things energy to function.

The third is, Lipids, these give energy and structure. These are fats and oils that have been stored as energy.

The final one is, Proteins. Proteins offer energy, and structure at the same time. The proteins function depends on the amino acids arrangement in the protein.

Proteins are usually found in meats and carbohydrates are usually found in grain products.

Hi everybody, I am carbon steel. I would like to show you how I was born. In this picture below, is my nice warm and cozy home.

That molten iron was me as a child. I remember those days, always being melted and molded around. Well, I am guessing that you want to see me now, right? This is a picture of me in the present. If I wasn’t mixed with Carbon, I wouldn’t have the strength to perform how engineers want me to.

Just by adding 1% of Carbon to me, my strength has increased drastically. When two metals are mixed together, the product is called an alloy. Basically, alloys are very strong and light (both can vary) becasue a pure metal is not very strong.

Other alloys are brass, bronze, stainless steel, and pewter.

Lighter to carry and all you do is ADD WATER!

Wait… but you already have the water, so why would you make water with water?

Well, anyways, you can saturate the powdered water in real water for that extra strong water taste. If you can’t handle that, only add a little powder, and you have a very dilute and unsaturated taste. If you are daring and won’t stop at anything, you can heat the water and add powder. Then when it cools, you have a supersaturated mixture, don’t shake the solution or the powder will just fall out. To change the solubility of the powder, change the temperature and pressure. More temperature and pressure means you can dissolve more.

When you’re making that Kool- Aid,

Keep in mind what I will have said,

The solute, sugar and powder,

the thing that is getting dissolved,

The Kool-Aid will have more power,

The solvent is the dissolver,

Shoot the water into the mix like a revolver.

If you put flour in water,

It only floats around,

This is called a suspension around the town.

The a solvent’s traits,

add more of that solvent and its mates.

This is a dialogue between Rashid and Jabran at the AAA.

Jabran -Halla Halla Rashid, I have a question.

Rashid -What is it Jabran?

Jabran -What are some chemical reactions that take place in automobiles and the industry?

Rashid -Well, halla halla, there is the catalytic conveter in cars that changes to emmission into less harmful ones. Here is a picture

Jabran -Are there any other ones?

Rashid-Yes, in order to make microchips for cell phones, first silicon must be cut into small wafers, and covered in  a chemical called photoresist. Then, halla halla, the chip msut be exposed to UV light in certain areas. When the exposure is done, then the exposed areas will create small circuits.

Jabran -That is very interesting.

Rashid -Halla Halla, Yes it is. The reaction with the light is a chemical reaction.

Hello, I am a molecule of bonded atoms. I will be telling you about endothermic and exothermic reactions. Quite simply, an exothermic reaction is when more energy is released than is used to break my bonds. In other words, any reaction that gives off heat, or energy is released is an exothermic reaction. An endothermic reaction is the opposite of an exothermic reaction. An endothermic reaction uses more energy to break bonds than is released. So endothermic reactions absorb energy or lowers the temperature.

When a substance changes state from a liquid to solid, or freezes, then the reaction is exothermic. When the substance melts, then the reaction is endothermic. A special type of an endothermic reaction is photosynthesis. Al plants use this to change the sun’s light into a natural sugar.

Both of these reactions can work together to do certain jobs. If the endothermic reaction is first, then the products will have extra energy with them. That means I will most likely be giving off heat. The order of reactions can also change the ending product.

If I remember correctly, I believe that I heard you ask about the different types of changes while singing the world famous Trolololol.

There are two types of change that can occur. First, there is physical change, then there is also chemical change. Physical change can only change the shape, size and state of matter the substance is in. Physical changes cannot change the chemical composition of any substances.

Chamical changes on the other hand, change the chemical composition of the substance. For example, a physical change would be ice breaking and/or melting. It is a physical change, because the suubstance H2o, is still the same after the change. A chemical reaction would be, electrosys of water. Through the reaction, the water, H2O is broken down into its basic parts. The reactants of this would be H2O and the products would be H2+O.

There are a few tings to look for when figuring out if a chemical change has taken place. The first thing to look for is a change in color. Metal risting is a chemical change, where the rust changes the color of the metal to a browins shade. Another thing to look for is a formation of a precipitate. A precipitate is a product that is created in a reaction, that exists in a different state than the reactants. Another way to identify a chemical change is to look for a formation of gas.  A final way to identify a chemical change is to look for a change in temperateure.

There are multiple types of chemical reactions. Synthesis is when a new, more complex compound is made. H2+O -> H2O is a synthesis reaction. The second type of reaction is decomposition. In this reaction, the complex compound is broken down into simpler ones. 2H2O -> 2H2+O2 is a decomposition. The compound is broken down into simpler parts. The third way is combustion.  In a combustion reaction, one reactant is always oxygen and another reactant usually has carbon or hydrogen. Canbon and oxygen combine and produce carbon dioxide and water. A combustion reaction is methane burning. Ch4 + 2O2 -> Co2 + 2H2O. Another reaction is a single replacement reaction. This is when one compound switches with a compound on the other side. Co2 + N2 -> CN2 + O2 is an example.

The side on the left of a chamical equation always contains the reactants. The side the arrow points to, the right, is the side of the products.

There are things that you can do to speed up a reaction. You can increase the surface area of the reactants to allow more to react at once. You can increase the concentration to make the solution stronger. You can also increase the temperature to make the particles move faster, and cause them to collide. Finally, you can add a catalyst. A catalyst increases the speed of a reaction without being altered itself.

I hope this has helped you Mr. Khil.

From,

Dr.Phil

Dear Diary,

Today, I learned that there are even more types of bonds. I thought the only possible bonds were ionic and covalent. Metals bond with other metals with a special kind of bond. No other elements can create this kind of bond. The bond is called a metallic bond. Metallic bonds have the ablilty to allow the metals to share electrons freely, so electrons can slide past eachother, because there are always electrons avalible.  This creates the freedom of shape that metals have.

Most metals get their properties from the type of bond they have. These properties are the abilities to conduct electricity and heat, and the metals are easy to shape.

Ionic and covalent bonds also have their own characteristics. Almost all ionic bonds are solid at room temperature, because they have very high melting points and boiling points. This is because lots of energy is needed to break the bonds between the elements. Ionic compounds are also very hard and brittle, and are not very good at conducting electricity, because there are no moving charges. Ionic compounds can be dissolved in water, and the solution tha is created is a good conduictor of electricity.

Covalent compounds have almost the opposite properties of an ionic compound. The melting and boiling points are much lower, and, the molecules stay together when dissolved, so no electricity can flow through the solution. Covalent bonds can also create a wide range of substances. For example, different ratios of carbon can create either diamond, graphite or buckminsterfullerene. (or just Fullerene)

The law of conservation of mass sates that, the mass is the same before and after a chemical reacti0n. Here is a conversation between two people talking about this law. ( keep in mind that in each line the speaker switches.)

Hey Bob, hows it going?

Good, how about you Harry?

I’m doing pretty good.

Did you know that in a chemical reaction, the products and reactants have the same mass? Its called The Law of Conservation of Mass.

No, I didn’t know that.

Well, if you weigh the reactants in a baking soda and vinegar reaction, the products also have the same weight.

Thats cool I didn’t know that.

Well, also, I you have 10 hydrogen atoms and 5 oxygen atoms, and a synthesis reaction occurs, guess what the balanced equation is.

Ummmm… H2O2?

Nope,  it cant be H2O2, because the atoms can’t be balanced. Its actually    10H + 5O   ->  5H2O.    H2O can be made in the reaction, and there are five water molecules so you add the coefficient, which is 5. Does that make sense?

No…

Well, welcome to the world of science.